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IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES

The founding authors of the Constitution wished for future governments in the country, regardless of political affiliation, to strive to implement the DPSPs in order to achieve full social, economic, and political democracy.

Our governments, on the other hand, have made no adequate progress in implementing the Directive Principles. The administration appeared eager to adopt them at first, as seen by the Five Year Plans and the dismantling of the Zamindari System.

Some other examples of DPSP implementation can be discussed as below:

Property rights were provided to women on an equal footing. The insurance industry and banks were nationalised to allow the government to control capital in the public good. In most parts of the country, panchayats have been founded, and cottage businesses have been encouraged. The executive and judicial branches have been divided in most cases. India has always sought peaceful resolutions to foreign conflicts. True, many significant changes have occurred in the country's social and economic structure as a result of the DPSPs, but this does not imply that the welfare state or economic democracy principles have been fully realised.

                Since 1950, successive administrations at the federal and state levels have enacted a number of laws and developed a variety of programmes to execute the Directive Principles. The following are some of them:

  • The Planning Commission was founded in 1950 to oversee the planned development of the country. The succeeding Five-Year Plans attempted to achieve socioeconomic justice by lowering income, status, and opportunity disparities.
  • Almost every state has passed land reform legislation in order to transform the agrarian society and enhance the lives of rural people. Abolition of middlemen such as zamindars, jagirdars, and inamdars; b) tenancy reforms such as security of tenure, fair rents, and so on; c) enforcement of land holdings ceilings; d) distribution of excess land to landless labourers; and e) cooperative farming are some of these policies.
  • The Minimum Wage Act (1948), the Payment of Wages Act (1936), the Payment of Bonus Act (1965), the Contract Labour Regulation and Abolition Act (1970), the Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act (1986), the Bonded Labour System Abolition Act (1976), the Trade Unions Act (1926), the Factories Act (1948), the Mines Act (1952), the Industrial Disputes Act (1947), the Workmen's Compensation Act (1923), and other laws have been enacted The government outlawed child labour in 2006.
  • To defend the rights of female workers, the Maternity Benefit Act (1961) and the Equal Remuneration Act (1976) were enacted.
  • Various steps have been taken to put financial resources to use for the greater benefit. These include the nationalisation of life insurance in 1956, the nationalisation of fourteen major commercial banks in 1969, the nationalisation of general insurance in 1971, the abolition of Privy Purses in 1971, and other measures.
  • The Legal Services Authorities Act (1987) established a national network to provide free and competent legal help to the underprivileged, as well as to organise lok adalats to promote equitable justice. Lok adalat is a statutory venue for the conciliation of legal disputes. It now has the status of a civil court. Its awards are enforceable, binding on the parties, and final because no court may review them.
  • For the development of cottage industries in rural regions, the Khadi and Village Industries Board, Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Small-Scale Industries Board, National Small Industries Corporation, Handloom Board, Handicrafts Board, Coir Board, Silk Board, and others have been established.
  • The Community Development Programme (1952), Hill Area Development Programme (1960), Drought-Prone Area Programme (1973), Minimum Needs Programme (1974), Integrated Rural Development Programme (1978), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (1989), Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (1999), Sampoorna Grameena Rozgar Yojana (2001), National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (2006), and other programmes have been launched to improve people's living standards.
  • The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 and the Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 were enacted to protect wildlife and forests, respectively. Furthermore, the Water and Air Acts established the Central and State Pollution Control Boards, which are tasked with environmental protection and improvement. The National Forest Policy (1988) strives to maintain, conserve, and develop forests.
  • Agriculture has been modernised through the provision of improved agricultural inputs, seeds, fertilisers, and irrigation infrastructure. Various initiatives have also been done to modernise and scientifically organise animal agriculture.
  • A three-tier panchayati raj system (at the village, taluka, and zila levels) has been implemented to make Gandhiji's ideal of every community becoming a republic a reality. The 73rd Amendment Act (1992) was passed to give these panchayati raj institutions constitutional status and protection.
  • Seats are reserved for SCs, STs and other weaker sections in educational institutions, government services and representative bodies. The Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955, which was renamed as the Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976 and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, have been enacted to protect the SCs and STs from social injustice and exploitation. The 65th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1990 established the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to protect the interests of SCs and STs. The 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 bifurcated this combined commission into two separate bodies, namely, National Commission for Schedule Castes and National Commission for Schedule Tribes.
  • In the state's public services, the Criminal Procedure Code (1973) separated the court from the executive. Prior to this separation, district officials such as the collector, sub-divisional officer, tehsildar, and so on exercised judicial responsibilities in addition to traditional executive functions. Following the separation, judicial functions were transferred from these executive bodies to district judicial magistrates, who report directly to the state high court.
  • The Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1951) was enacted to conserve national monuments, locations, and artefacts.
  • To boost public health, primary health care centres and hospitals have been established throughout the country. Special programmes have also been created to combat widespread diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, AIDS, cancer, filaria, kala-azar, guineaworm, yaws, Japanese encephalitis, and others.
  • Some states have passed legislation prohibiting the slaughter of cows, calves, and bullocks.
  • Some states have initiated the old age pension schemes for people above 65 years.
  • To promote international peace and security, India has pursued a non-alignment and panchsheel policy.
  • Despite the above steps taken by the Central and State governments, the Directive Principles have not been fully and effectively implemented due to a variety of factors such as insufficient financial resources, unfavourable socioeconomic conditions, population explosion, strained Centre-state relations, and so on.

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